Recursion
Write self-calling methods that break problems into smaller versions of themselves — base case, recursive case, and call stack mechanics.
Write self-calling methods that break problems into smaller versions of themselves — base case, recursive case, and call stack mechanics.
Understand Java reference types: Objects, arrays, and strings — how Java handles complex data structures through references and heap memory.
Learn Java relational and logical operators: comparison operators, equality checks, and how to combine boolean expressions with AND, OR, and NOT operators.
Class-level methods that belong to the type itself, not instances — when to use them, utility patterns, and common pitfalls.
Master Java streams: filter, map, reduce, collect, and parallel execution for expressive functional-style operations on collections.
Master Java's String class: immutability, concatenation, interning, and key methods like substring, split, and format for text processing.
Master Java switch expressions: using switch as an expression that returns values, pattern matching in Java 14+, and modernizing switch statement syntax.
Learn the Java ternary operator: condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse for concise branching, when to use it, and common pitfalls to avoid in code readability.
Format strings, numbers, dates, and messages with java.text: MessageFormat, NumberFormat, DecimalFormat, and printf-style formatting.
Learn the difference between throw and throws in Java: raising exceptions vs declaring them in method signatures for checked exception propagation.