Helm Charts: Templating, Values, and Package Management

Learn Helm Charts from basics to advanced patterns. Master Helm templates, values management, chart repositories, and production deployment workflows.

published: reading time: 18 min read

Helm Charts: Templating, Values, and Kubernetes Package Management

Helm is the package manager for Kubernetes. If you have spent time deploying applications to a Kubernetes cluster manually, you know how tedious it becomes to manage multiple YAML files across different environments. Helm solves this by letting you package everything into a chart that can be versioned, shared, and deployed with a single command.

This guide covers everything from creating basic charts to advanced templating patterns. If you are new to Kubernetes containers, start with our Docker Fundamentals and Advanced Kubernetes guides first.

Helm Architecture

Helm has a client-server architecture. The Helm client interacts with the server-side component called Tiller in Helm 2, or uses the cluster’s service account in Helm 3.

graph LR
    A[Helm Client] -->|Chart| B[Chart Repository]
    A -->|Kubeconfig| C[Kubernetes Cluster]
    C -->|Release| D[Release History]
    C -->|Resources| E[Deployed Resources]

Helm 3 removed Tiller and introduced improved security with cluster-scoped service accounts and release-level scope. This made Helm significantly easier to operate in production.

Chart Structure

A chart is a collection of files organized in a specific directory structure:

my-chart/
  Chart.yaml          # Chart metadata
  values.yaml         # Default configuration values
  values.schema.json   # Optional JSON schema validation
  charts/              # Dependency charts (Helm 3 style)
  templates/           # Kubernetes manifest templates
  templates/NOTES.txt  # Post-install notes
  .helmignore          # Files to ignore during packaging

Chart.yaml

The Chart.yaml contains the chart’s metadata:

apiVersion: v2
name: my-application
description: A Helm chart for my production application
type: application
version: 1.2.3
appVersion: "2.0.0"
kubeVersion: ">=1.24.0"
keywords:
  - web application
  - api
home: https://github.com/example/my-app
sources:
  - https://github.com/example/my-app
maintainers:
  - name: DevOps Team
    email: devops@example.com
dependencies:
  - name: postgresql
    version: "12.x.x"
    repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com"
    condition: postgresql.enabled
  - name: redis
    version: "17.x.x"
    repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com"
    condition: redis.enabled

The apiVersion: v2 format is for Helm 3. Helm 2 used apiVersion: v1.

Values Files

Values files provide configuration that gets merged into templates. Helm uses a cascading values system: default values in values.yaml, overridden by environment-specific files, overridden by command-line flags.

values.yaml

# Default configuration
replicaCount: 3

  repository: myregistry/myapp
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  tag: "1.0.0"

service:
  type: ClusterIP
  port: 8080

ingress:
  enabled: true
  className: nginx
  annotations:
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
  hosts:
    - host: api.example.com
      paths:
        - path: /
          pathType: Prefix
  tls:
    - secretName: myapp-tls
      hosts:
        - api.example.com

resources:
  limits:
    cpu: 1000m
    memory: 1Gi
  requests:
    cpu: 100m
    memory: 256Mi

autoscaling:
  enabled: true
  minReplicas: 3
  maxReplicas: 10
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 70

postgresql:
  enabled: true
  auth:
    database: myapp
    username: myapp
  primary:
    persistence:
      size: 10Gi

redis:
  enabled: true
  auth:
    password: ""

Environment-Specific Values

Create environment-specific value files:

# values-staging.yaml
replicaCount: 2
  tag: "1.0.0-staging"
resources:
  limits:
    cpu: 500m
    memory: 512Mi
autoscaling:
  enabled: false
ingress:
  annotations:
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-staging
  hosts:
    - host: staging-api.example.com
# values-prod.yaml
replicaCount: 5
  tag: "1.0.0-production"
resources:
  limits:
    cpu: 2000m
    memory: 2Gi
autoscaling:
  minReplicas: 5
  maxReplicas: 20

Deploy with specific values:

helm upgrade --install myapp ./charts/myapp \
  --values values-prod.yaml \
  --namespace production \
  --create-namespace

Template Functions and Pipelines

Helm templates use Go template syntax with Sprig functions for manipulation.

Common Functions

# templates/deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: {{ include "myapp.fullname" . }}
  labels:
    {{- include "myapp.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
spec:
  replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }}
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      {{- include "myapp.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }}
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        {{- include "myapp.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }}
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: {{ .Chart.Name }}
          image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion }}"
          imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }}
          ports:
            - name: http
              containerPort: {{ .Values.service.port }}
              protocol: TCP
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /health
              port: http
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /ready
              port: http
          {{- with .Values.resources }}
          resources:
            {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }}
          {{- end }}

String Functions

# Uppercase
appName: { { .Values.name | upper } }

# Lowercase
envVar: { { .Values.env | lower | squote } }

# Truncate
shortName: { { .Values.name | trunc 63 } }

# Replace
fixedName: { { .Values.name | replace "_" "-" } }

# Quote
quoted: { { .Values.name | quote } }

# Default value
tag: { { .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion } }

Conditional Logic

# Ternary operator
replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount | default 1 }}

# If-else blocks
{{- if .Values.ingress.enabled }}
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: {{ include "myapp.fullname" . }}
spec:
  {{- with .Values.ingress }}
  ingressClassName: {{ .className }}
  {{- end }}
{{- end }}

Range Loops

# Loop over list
env:
  {{- range .Values.env }}
  - name: {{ .name }}
    value: {{ .value | quote }}
  {{- end }}

# Loop over key-value map
labels:
  {{- range $key, $value := .Values.labels }}
  {{ $key }}: {{ $value | quote }}
  {{- end }}

# Loop with index
{{- range $i, $v := .Values.replicas }}
- name: replica-{{ $i }}
{{- end }}

Named Templates

Named templates (partials) live in templates/_helpers.tpl and can be included throughout your chart.

Defining Helpers

# templates/_helpers.tpl
{{/*
Expand the name of the chart.
*/}}
{{- define "myapp.name" -}}
{{- default .Chart.Name .Values.nameOverride | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- end }}

{{/*
Full name including release and chart.
*/}}
{{- define "myapp.fullname" -}}
{{- printf "%s-%s" .Release.Name .Chart.Name | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- end }}

{{/*
Common labels.
*/}}
{{- define "myapp.labels" -}}
helm.sh/chart: {{ .Chart.Name }}-{{ .Chart.Version }}
{{ include "myapp.name" . }}: {{ .Release.Name }}
{{- if .Chart.AppVersion }}
app.kubernetes.io/version: {{ .Chart.AppVersion | quote }}
{{- end }}
app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: {{ .Release.Service }}
app.kubernetes.io/part-of: {{ include "myapp.name" . }}
{{- end }}

{{/*
Selector labels.
*/}}
{{- define "myapp.selectorLabels" -}}
app.kubernetes.io/name: {{ include "myapp.name" . }}
app.kubernetes.io/instance: {{ .Release.Name }}
{{- end }}

Using Helpers in Templates

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: { { include "myapp.fullname" . } }
  labels: { { - include "myapp.labels" . | nindent 4 } }
spec:
  replicas: { { .Values.replicaCount } }
  selector:
    matchLabels: { { - include "myapp.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 } }

Chart Dependencies

Charts can depend on other charts. In Helm 3, dependencies are defined in Chart.yaml and downloaded to the charts/ directory.

Dependency Management

# Chart.yaml
dependencies:
  - name: postgresql
    version: "12.x.x"
    repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com"
    condition: postgresql.enabled
  - name: redis
    version: "17.x.x"
    repository: "https://charts.bitnami.com"
    condition: redis.enabled

Update dependencies:

helm dependency update ./charts/myapp

This creates a Chart.lock file that locks dependency versions.

Sub-chart Values

Parent charts can override sub-chart values:

# values.yaml
postgresql:
  primary:
    persistence:
      size: 50Gi
  auth:
    database: myapp_prod
    username: myapp

redis:
  auth:
    password: secretpassword
  master:
    persistence:
      enabled: false

Hooks

Hooks run at specific points in the release lifecycle. Use them for database migrations, backup jobs, or waiting for dependencies.

Common Hook Annotations

# hooks/post-install-job.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: {{ include "myapp.fullname" . }}-migrations
  labels:
    {{- include "myapp.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
  annotations:
    "helm.sh/hook": post-install,post-upgrade
    "helm.sh/hook-weight": "-1"
    "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": hook-succeeded,before-hook-creation
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      restartPolicy: Never
      containers:
        - name: migrations
          image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag }}"
          command:
            - /app/migrate.sh

Hook Weights

Hooks execute in order of weight. Negative weights run first. Use this to ensure database migrations run before your application starts.

Testing Charts

Helm includes a test framework for validating chart installations.

Test Pod

# templates/tests/pod-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: {{ include "myapp.fullname" . }}-test-connection
  labels:
    {{- include "myapp.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
  annotations:
    "helm.sh/hook": test
    "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": test-success
spec:
  restartPolicy: Never
  containers:
    - name: wget
      image: busybox:1.36
      command:
        - wget
      args:
        - '-O-'
        - 'http://{{ include "myapp.fullname" . }}:{{ .Values.service.port }}/health'

Run tests:

helm test myapp --namespace production

Chart Repositories

Chart repositories serve packaged charts via an HTTP server. You can create your own repository for internal charts.

Creating a Repository

# Package your chart
helm package ./charts/myapp

# Create index.yaml
helm repo index ./charts --url https://charts.example.com/

# Serve repository via HTTP
python3 -m http.server 8080 --directory ./charts

Adding and Using Repositories

# Add repository
helm repo add bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com

# Update repositories
helm repo update

# Search for charts
helm search repo bitnami/postgresql

# Install from repository
helm install mydb bitnami/postgresql --values values.yaml

GitHub Pages Repository

Host your chart repository on GitHub Pages:

# In your charts repository
git checkout gh-pages || git checkout -b gh-pages

# Copy your chart package
cp ../my-chart-1.2.3.tgz ./

# Update index
helm repo index . --url https://example.github.io/charts

git add .
git commit -m "Add my-chart v1.2.3"
git push origin gh-pages

Library Charts

Library charts provide reusable templates that other charts can include. They are useful for standardizing common patterns across your organization.

Library Chart Structure

library-chart/
  Chart.yaml
  templates/
    _deployment.yaml
    _service.yaml
    _configmap.yaml
# Chart.yaml
apiVersion: v2
name: myapp-library
type: library
version: 1.0.0

Using Library Chart

# In your application chart
dependencies:
  - name: myapp-library
    version: "1.x.x"
    repository: "https://charts.example.com"
    import-values:
      - data

JSON Schema Validation

Values schema files validate values provided to your chart:

// values.schema.json
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "replicaCount": {
      "type": "integer",
      "minimum": 1,
      "maximum": 10
    },
    "image": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "repository": { "type": "string" },
        "tag": { "type": "string" },
        "pullPolicy": {
          "type": "string",
          "enum": ["IfNotPresent", "Always", "Never"]
        }
      },
      "required": ["repository"]
    },
    "service": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "type": {
          "type": "string",
          "enum": ["ClusterIP", "LoadBalancer", "NodePort"]
        },
        "port": {
          "type": "integer",
          "minimum": 1,
          "maximum": 65535
        }
      },
      "required": ["type", "port"]
    }
  },
  "required": ["image", "service"]
}

If a user provides invalid configuration, Helm rejects it during template rendering:

helm template myapp ./charts/myapp --values invalid-values.yaml
# Error: values don't meet the schema

Best Practices

Production Deployment Checklist

Pin exact versions in dependencies. Use values.schema.json for validation. Keep values.yaml well-documented with comments. Use hooks for stateful operations like migrations. Test charts with helm template and helm test. Store secrets outside the chart and use external secrets tools.

Security Considerations

Do not embed secrets in values files. Use external secrets solutions like External Secrets Operator or HashiCorp Vault. Run containers as non-root. Scan charts for vulnerabilities with tools like Trivy or Snyk.

Release Management

Use CI/CD pipelines for chart releases. Maintain CHANGELOG.md for version history. Tag releases with Git tags matching chart versions. Sign charts with GPG for verification.

When to Use / When Not to Use

Helm is powerful but not always the right choice. Here is when to use it and when to consider alternatives.

When to Use Helm

Use Helm when:

  • You deploy applications to Kubernetes across multiple environments (dev, staging, production)
  • You need to manage complex applications with many Kubernetes resources
  • You want to version and roll back application configurations
  • You are sharing infrastructure or platform components across teams
  • You need to package applications for distribution via chart repositories
  • Your application has environment-specific configuration that changes between deployments

Use Helm for stateful applications when:

  • The application has clear upgrade paths and rollback procedures
  • You have tested hooks for database migrations or similar operations
  • Storage and secrets are properly externalized from the chart

When Not to Use Helm

Consider alternatives when:

  • Simple one-off deployments: kubectl apply -f may suffice
  • GitOps workflows: Tools like ArgoCD or Flux have built-in templating and might integrate better
  • Extremely dynamic workloads: Helm’s release model assumes relatively stable configurations
  • Strict immutability requirements: Helm’s upgrade pattern modifies releases in place
  • Security-restricted environments: Tiller in Helm 2 required elevated permissions (Helm 3 addressed most concerns)

Helm vs Alternatives

ToolBest ForLimitations
HelmApplication packaging, multi-environment deploymentsTemplate complexity for very dynamic workloads
KustomizeOverlay-based configuration, Git-native workflowsLess structured than Helm charts
ArgoCDGitOps, declarative continuous deliveryRequires additional setup for templating
raw kubectlOne-off deployments, simple resourcesNo parameterization, no rollback support

Production Failure Scenarios

Helm failures in production can block deployments or cause unexpected behavior.

FailureImpactMitigation
Hook failureRelease marked as failed, subsequent hooks do not runDesign hooks to be idempotent, use hook-delete-policy
Template rendering errorDeployment fails silently with wrong configurationUse --dry-run in CI, validate with JSON schema
Dependency unavailableChart fails to install or upgradePin exact versions in Chart.lock, maintain mirror
Release name collisionCannot install or upgrade without forceUse namespaces for isolation, unique naming conventions
Stuck release (pending-upgrade)Cannot upgrade or rollbackUse helm rollback or manually remove finalizers
Upgrade causes data lossStateful workloads may lose dataAlways test with dry-run first, backup before upgrade
Image pull failuresPods hang in Pending stateUse private registries with image pull secrets
Insufficient cluster resourcesPods cannot be scheduledSet appropriate resource requests and limits

Stuck Release Recovery

# Identify stuck releases
helm list --all --failed

# Get release history
helm history myapp --namespace production

# Rollback to last working revision
helm rollback myapp --namespace production

# If rollback fails, manually remove the release
kubectl delete secret -n production -l "owner=helm,name=myapp"

Observability Checklist

Helm charts need observability at both the release and application level.

Release Monitoring

graph LR
    A[Helm Release] --> B[Release Metadata]
    A --> C[Revision History]
    A --> D[Resource Status]
    B --> E[Name Namespace]
    B --> F[Chart Version]
    C --> G[Upgrade Rollback]
    D --> H[Pod Health]
    D --> I[PVC Bound]

Track these release metrics:

  • Release revision count (too many revisions indicate instability)
  • Time since last successful deployment
  • Number of failed releases across environments
  • Hook execution success rates

Application Observability

graph TD
    A[Application Metrics] --> B[Pod Resource Usage]
    A --> C[Service Endpoints]
    A --> D[Ingress Status]
    E[Kubernetes Events] --> F[Pod Scheduling]
    E --> G[Volume Mounts]
    E --> H[Image Pulls]

Metrics to monitor:

  • Pod CPU and memory actual usage vs requested
  • Service endpoint availability
  • Persistent volume claim status and usage
  • Ingress controller backend health
  • Container image versions deployed

Alert Configuration

Critical alerts:

  • Helm release failed during production deployment
  • Pods in CrashLoopBackOff after Helm upgrade
  • Hook jobs failing repeatedly
  • Release revision rapidly increasing (indicates instability)

Warning alerts:

  • PVC pending for more than 5 minutes
  • Deployment replica count below desired
  • Image pull backoff occurring

Security Checklist

Helm charts require security review before production deployment.

Chart Security

  • Scan for vulnerabilities: Use Trivy or Snyk to scan chart dependencies

    trivy chart ./charts/myapp

  • Verify chart signatures: Use GPG signing for chart verification

    helm verify myapp-1.0.0.tgz

  • Review values files: Ensure no hardcoded secrets or insecure defaults

  • Validate values schema: Use JSON schema to enforce secure configurations

Image Security

# values.yaml security settings
image:
  repository: myregistry.myapp.com/api
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent # Not Always in production
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    runAsUser: 10000

podSecurityContext:
  runAsNonRoot: true
  fsGroup: 10000

securityContext:
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
  capabilities:
    drop:
      - ALL

Image hardening checklist:

  • Use specific image tags, never latest
  • Scan images for CVEs before deployment
  • Use private registry with authentication
  • Set imagePullPolicy appropriately (IfNotPresent or Always)

RBAC for Helm

Helm 3 uses the permissions of the user or service account running it.

# Create dedicated SA for Helm
kubectl create serviceaccount helm-deployer -n production

# Grant only needed permissions
kubectl create role helm-deployer --verb=get,list,watch,create,update,patch,delete \
  --resource=deployments,services,configmaps,secrets,pvc -n production

kubectl create rolebinding helm-deployer-binding \
  --role=helm-deployer --serviceaccount=production:helm-deployer -n production

Secret Management

Never:

  • Commit secrets to values files
  • Store secrets in Chart.yaml or templates
  • Use ConfigMap for sensitive data

Always:

  • Use External Secrets Operator or Vault
  • Reference secrets from external secret stores
  • Use --set-file for certificate contents

Common Pitfalls / Anti-Patterns

Template Pitfalls

Overusing toYaml

# Anti-pattern: Unbounded toYaml
spec:
  {{- toYaml .Values.podSpec | nindent 8 }}

# Better: Explicitly define expected fields
spec:
  replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }}
  selector:
    {{- include "myapp.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }}

Not handling nil values

# Anti-pattern: Will fail if .Values.ingress is nil
annotations:
  {{- .Values.ingress.annotations | toYaml | nindent 8 }}

# Better: Use conditional checks
{{- with .Values.ingress }}
annotations:
  {{- .annotations | toYaml | nindent 8 }}
{{- end }}

Forgetting the minus sign for whitespace control

# Anti-pattern: Extra blank line before content
spec:
  containers:
    - name: app
      image: {{ .Values.image }}

# Better: Hyphen trims preceding whitespace
spec:
  containers:
    - name: app
      image: {{ .Values.image }}

Values Structure Pitfalls

Flat values that should be nested

# Anti-pattern: Flat structure makes templating complex
replicaCount: 3
imageRepository: myapp
imageTag: "1.0.0"
servicePort: 8080

# Better: Group related values
replicaCount: 3
image:
  repository: myapp
  tag: "1.0.0"
service:
  type: ClusterIP
  port: 8080

Not using JSON schema validation Without schema validation, users can pass any values causing cryptic template errors at render time.

Hook Pitfalls

Non-idempotent hooks

# Anti-pattern: Hook creates duplicate resources each run
metadata:
  annotations:
    "helm.sh/hook": post-upgrade
    "helm.sh/hook-weight": "1"
spec:
  containers:
    - name: migrate
      command: ["/app/migrate.sh"]
      # This runs every upgrade, creating duplicates if not cleaned up

Not handling hook failures gracefully

# Anti-pattern: Hook failure blocks entire release
annotations:
  "helm.sh/hook": post-upgrade
  "helm.sh/hook-failure-policy": fail

# Better: Allow failure without blocking
annotations:
  "helm.sh/hook": post-upgrade
  "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": hook-succeeded,before-hook-creation

Dependency Pitfalls

Not pinning versions

# Anti-pattern: Version range can cause unexpected behavior
dependencies:
  - name: postgresql
    version: ">=12.0.0"

# Better: Pin exact version for reproducibility
dependencies:
  - name: postgresql
    version: "12.8.0"

Circular dependencies Avoid charts that depend on each other. This causes installation and upgrade ordering issues.

Quick Recap

Key Takeaways

  • Helm charts package Kubernetes resources with templated values for environment-specific configuration
  • The cascading values system (default < environment file < CLI flags) enables flexible deployments
  • Named templates in _helpers.tpl promote consistency and reduce duplication
  • Hooks handle stateful operations like migrations but require careful design for idempotency
  • Library charts extract common patterns for reuse across multiple application charts
  • JSON schema validation prevents misconfiguration before template rendering

Production Readiness Checklist

# Template validation
helm template myapp ./charts/myapp --debug

# Dry-run installation
helm upgrade --install myapp ./charts/myapp \
  --dry-run --debug \
  --values values-prod.yaml \
  --namespace production

# Schema validation
helm lint ./charts/myapp --strict

# Test installation
helm test myapp --namespace production

# Dependency update and lock
helm dependency update ./charts/myapp
helm dependency build ./charts/myapp

# Verify rendered templates
helm get manifest myapp --namespace production

# Check release status
helm status myapp --namespace production
helm history myapp --namespace production

Pre-Production Validation Commands

# Scan for vulnerabilities
trivy image $(helm get values myapp -n production -o jsonpath='{.data.image}' | base64 -d)

# Verify RBAC permissions
kubectl auth can-i get pods --as=system:serviceaccount:production:helm-deployer -n production

# Check for deprecated APIs
helm template myapp ./charts/myapp | kubeval --strict

# Review rendered YAML differences
helm diff upgrade myapp ./charts/myapp --values values-prod.yaml -n production

Trade-off Summary

AspectHelmKustomizeCarvel (kapp-controller)
ModelTemplate + valuesOverlay + patchesPackage + config
Learning curveModerate (Go templates)Low (YAML only)Moderate
Reusable packagesYes (chart repos)Limited (git-based)Yes (imgpkg bundles)
DebuggingRender and inspectBuild and diffBuild and inspect
EcosystemMassive (Bitnami)GrowingSmaller but maturing
GitOps friendlyYes (with Flux/ArgoCD)NativeNative
Secret managementValues encryptionSealed secretsBank-Vaults

Conclusion

Helm simplifies Kubernetes deployments through templating and package management. The chart structure, template functions, and dependency system provide flexibility while maintaining consistency across environments.

Start by converting your existing Kubernetes manifests to a chart. Add templating for environment-specific values. Then extract reusable components into library charts as patterns emerge.

For continued learning, explore the Advanced Kubernetes guide for operators and controllers that work alongside Helm. The Prometheus & Grafana guides cover observability for your Helm-deployed applications.

Category

technical

Tags

#kubernetes #helm #devops #packaging #infrastructure

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